Overview
A pattern of angry/irritable, argumentative/defiant, or vindictive behaviour toward authority figures lasting at least six months.
Diagnostic criteria overview
- Criterion a: frequent temper loss, argumentative behaviour, defiance, deliberate annoyance of others
- Criterion b: behaviour causes distress or impairment
- Criterion c: not explained by another disorder
Symptoms
- Frequent arguments and refusal to comply
- Temper outbursts
- Blaming others for difficulties
- Vindictive behaviour
Impact on functioning
- Frequent power struggles during routines and transitions
- Refusal to follow instructions at home or school
- Escalation of minor requests into conflicts
- Strained parent-child and teacher-student relationships
- Reduced engagement in structured activities