Overview
Neurodevelopmental disorders characterised by persistent difficulties in learning and using academic skills, despite adequate instruction and normal intelligence.
Diagnostic criteria overview
- Criterion a: difficulties in reading, writing, or mathematics persisting for at least six months despite targeted intervention
- Criterion b: affected skills significantly below age expectations
- Criterion c: academic difficulties interfere with school or daily living
- Criterion d: not explained by other conditions
Symptoms
- Dyslexia: difficulties with accurate or fluent reading
- Dyscalculia: difficulties understanding numbers or performing calculations
- Dysgraphia: difficulties with spelling, written expression, or handwriting
Impact on functioning
- Slow or effortful reading affecting classroom participation
- Avoidance of written tasks due to fatigue or frustration
- Difficulty completing exams or homework within time limits
- Misinterpretation of academic struggles as lack of effort
- Increased anxiety related to school performance